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8:02 AM

Kinds of Sentences

A sentence is a group of words arranged in a specific order which makes complete sense.
There are different kinds of sentences and they are
Assertive or declarative sentences
Interrogative sentences
Imperative sentences
Exclamatory sentences
Optative sentences
Assertive sentencesSentences which make simple assertions or statements are called assertive or declarative sentences. Examples are:
It is raining.
The child is going to school.
I get up early in the morning.
I like reading.
Assertive or declarative sentences may be positive (affirmative) or negative. Sentences which give a positive or affirmative sense are called affirmative sentences.
Honesty is the best policy.
Barking dogs seldom bite.
I have been to Canada.
Sentences which give a negative meaning are called negative sentences.
She will not listen to me.
She should not hate anybody.
Interrogative sentences
Sentences which ask questions are called interrogative sentences.
What is your name?
Where do you live?
Who is your father?
Can you solve this problem?
Imperative sentences
Sentences which express orders, commands, requests, advice, proposals or suggestions are called imperative sentences.
Leave this place at once. (Order)
Get lost. (Order)
Please help me. (Request)
Work hard. (Advice)
Let’s go for a walk. (Suggestion)
Exclamatory sentences
Sentences which express some strong feelings or emotions such as joy, sorrow, regret, surprise, wonder etc., are called exclamatory sentences.
What a marvelous sight!
How beautiful the flower is!
Hurrah! We have won.
Alas! She is no more.

Optative sentences
S
entences which express an ardent wish, prayer, curse etc., are called optative sentences.
May you live long!
May God help you!
Notes:
Assertive and imperative sentences are followed by a full stop. Interrogative sentences are followed by the sign of interrogation or question mark (?). Exclamatory and optative sentences are followed by the sign of exclamation (!). Note that in exclamatory sentences, sometimes, the interjection alone is followed by the exclamatory mark.





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A Complete Guide to Retouching Portraits in Photoshop for Free - Hacker Shashank

7:56 AM

A Complete Guide to Retouching Portraits in Photoshop for Free

A Complete Guide to Retouching Portraits in Photoshop for Free
There is an innumerable amount of articles and tutorials teaching parts and pieces of retouching portraits. However, finding the ones with quality techniques and information can take days. Furthermore, there is no singular tutorial that teaches a complete set of methods to retouch portraits free of charge. Finding the right tutorials for each aspect of editing can become very time consuming. This article contains 5 years of research for achieving the greatest methods to retouch a portrait.
Before diving into the material of the article, it is important to note that the quickest, most efficient way to gain the knowledge on retouching is probably one of the paid tutorials. For beauty and studio photographers, Michael Woloszynowicz has the perfect tutorial on high-end retouching. He is not only gifted with his photography and retouching, but also in delivering over information in a clear and concise manner. Anyone on any level can understand the information. For portrait photographers interested in learning a quick and easy way to retouch portraits, while also making them pop, I released a tutorial a few months ago with RGGEDU. In this tutorial I take you on 9 portrait sessions in different locations using natural light only and I share my entire post processing workflow for each shoot. Additionally I include my action that allows you to knock out edits within 15 minutes. 
Another quick thing I'd like to point out is the false concept that "it's all about the editing". IT'S NOT. Editing an image will only take a great photo over the edge. It will not change a bad photo into an excellent photo. The purpose of the methods I'm about to share is not to change the photos, rather to enhance it. 

Culling

Culling images is simple. The importance of it is often overlooked. Even with the best retouching methods, if the right photo to edit wasn’t chosen, the results won’t be exciting or pleasing to the eye. Choosing 3-5 images out of 500 from a photoshoot is hard. In fact, it’s an art-form. I’ve found the best way to narrow it down is to select 35 images and then show it to friends and family and let their instincts help you.
Another important thing to remember is that it is always best to go with the more natural poses. While creativity is important, it is equally important to not overdo things and try too hard.
There is no technique to culling. It is all about finding an image that is pleasing to the human eye. And that is what makes it the most difficult because there is a tremendous amount of subjectivity involved. That is why it is best to share it with as many people as you can. Forget about a technically perfect image. Find an image that speaks to you and your friends. For more on this, check out the following article: A Technically Perfect Photo is Meaningless
To cull images:
Open adobe bridge - navigate to the folder with images - hit the space bar and use the arrow keys to navigate - hit any number between 1 -5 to rate the image - hit the space bar again and then press enter (this opens the image in CameraRaw or Photoshop).

Camera Raw

People often confuse Camera Raw as the place where special effects and filter adjustments are made. However, CR helps create a foundation for which to continue editing on Photoshop. CR is not where amazing results happen. It’s used to make RAW adjustments like, bringing back some detail in the highlights, adjusting the white balance.
With that in mind, it is important to avoid making global adjustments like using the exposure and contrast slider. Adding contrast is something that can be done manually in the editing process, if you add contrast in CR you will notice toning issues on the skin and eyes becoming dark and unrecoverable. If there is something small that is bothersome, for example the skin is on the darker side, there are methods to brightening that without using the exposure slider which over brightens the background in the process. Hit up the luminosity slider, the orange and red slider can be used to brighten the skin and leave everything else alone. Clarity is frowned upon but about 10 usually makes the image pop and makes dodging and burning easier. It will make flaws such as pimples stand out more but that's ok since you will spot heal that later anyways. 
Before
After

Photoshop

Spot Healing 

This tutorial shows you how to spot heal blemishes in the skin, you can use this for stray hairs on the skin as well. DO NOT take his advice on using the patch tool for the bags under eyes. This is a huge nono since you mess with the textures. I will explain under the next section of this article how to fix bags. 
Before
After

Frequency Separation

The purpose of frequency separation is to fix mismatched skin tones. Here's a tutorial that explains it. If you find this method to be lengthy and you're loosing patience jump to the next video that will teach you a more simple method to fixing skin tone issues.  
If the above video is too advanced and lengthy, check out this method I figured out to fixing mismatched skin tones. This is how you would get rid of bags under the eyes:
Once we are on the subject of fixing skin tones problems make sure to watch the following 2 videos on getting rid of redness in skin
Before
After

Dodge & Burn

Dodging and burning is probably the most important part of your workflow. It's the hardest to master but also the most rewarding. Before clicking on the following video understanding where to dodge and burn is most important. The tools and methods you use to dodge and burn is simple and actually isn't important. Understanding where and how much to dodge and burn is the key to success here. Check out this article I wrote last year that will help clarify where to dodge and burn "A Makeup Tip I Wish Someone Had Told Me When I Started Photography
Again, there are dozens of ways to dodging and burning, so don't get hung up on the tools to use. Concentrate on understanding where to do it and how much. Just follow the techniques used by makeup artists. They understand this best. I keep it simple by using a new layer set to soft light and filled with 50% grey. Then use a brush set to 5% opacity and brush white to dodge and a black brush to burn. This is a method I saw in Scott Kelbey's book called Light it, Shoot it, Retouch it.
Before
After

Eyes

I've already written the perfect article that will help you make eyes pop and still look natural. "Understanding the Human Eye and How To Retouch it Naturally" I searched high and low for a YouTube tutorial on retouching eyes and haven't found one. Everything I've come across is ridiculous methods with completely overdone results. 
To sharpen the eyes duplicate the layer, go to Filter > Other > High Pass, set it to 30. Then set layer Blend mode to Soft Light. Add a black mask. Use a white brush at 50% opacity and brush the eyes. Make sure you're mask is selected when you're painting. 
Before
After

Toning 

Before you move on take note: If you aren't happy with you image at this point then the toning portion will not change how you feel about the image. The toning will never completely change a photo and a lot of people out there blame their lack of post production skill on the toning portion. Toning will only add a little bit to an already solid image. Before we jump into toning the key thing to keep in mind is toning is not about throwing on random colors and filters. this might work one out of 20x. if you want to nailing the toning portion you need to have a clear understanding for complementary colors. This goes beyond toning though. Its critical to keep this in mind when picking wardrobe and location. 
Here's a video that shows the power of complimentary colors. 

Resizing and Saving

My friend Nino Batista wrote an amazing article on resizing images for social media worth reading. Personally I resize the image to 2100px on the long edge using Photoshops Image Size (CTr+ALT+I).  
I hope you found this article helpful. I'm all about sharing and helping others. Please consider sharing this article and helping fellow photographers as well.

13 WAYS TO MAKE YOUR PHOTOS LOOK PROFESSIONAL

7:41 AM

13 WAYS TO MAKE YOUR PHOTOS LOOK PROFESSIONAL

There is no silver bullet to making a professional picture.  It often takes years of practice; however, as a newer photographer you'll find that there are some things that will dramatically improve your photography without much effort.
But after you apply the tips on this page and get to the point of being a competent photographer, you'll find that your progress will be slower and you'll have to work harder to make your photo just 1 or 2% better.
But here are the simplest things you can do to quickly see an improvement in your photos.
Lighting is the #1 fastest way to make a photo look more professional.
LIGHTING IS THE #1 FASTEST WAY TO MAKE A PHOTO LOOK MORE PROFESSIONAL.  THE BIGGEST DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE PHOTO ON THE LEFT AND THE ONE ON THE RIGHT IS THE LIGHTING, WHICH GIVES CONTRAST, INTEREST, AND POP TO THE PHOTO.

TIP #1: CAPTURE INTERESTING LIGHTING

Lighting is number one on this list for a reason.  It's easily the most overlooked aspect of photography for beginning photographers, but professional photographers obsess about it.  Lighting is the most important thing to making a photo look professional.
Now what makes lighting look interesting?  First of all, it's different from what we normally see.  Second, it highlights the subject and presents it in a good way.
There are many ways to make a portrait photo have more interesting lighting.  You could simply place the person in the shade in order to put even lighting on their face, or you could turn their back to the sun so that hard shadows don't rake across the face.
With landscape photography, time of day is absolutely imperative.  95% of the landscape photos in my portfolio of the best shots I've ever taken were photographed in the very early morning at sunrise or late in the evening at sunset.  Beginning photographers often overlook this important tip and try to make a photo in the middle of the day.  That's rarely a recipe for success.
Most parents photographing their daughter in a swimming competition would be happy to get a shot like the one on the bottom. But a professional photographer removes all of the aberrations or clutter out of the background. I shot this picture in a hotel pool, so I created a black background to get rid of the unnecessary clutter so that all the viewer's attention would be placed on the action.
MOST PARENTS PHOTOGRAPHING THEIR DAUGHTER IN A SWIMMING COMPETITION WOULD BE HAPPY TO GET A SHOT LIKE THE ONE ON THE BOTTOM. BUT A PROFESSIONAL PHOTOGRAPHER REMOVES ALL OF THE ABERRATIONS OR CLUTTER OUT OF THE BACKGROUND. I SHOT THIS PICTURE IN A HOTEL POOL, SO I CREATED A BLACK BACKGROUND TO GET RID OF THE UNNECESSARY CLUTTER SO THAT ALL THE VIEWER'S ATTENTION WOULD BE PLACED ON THE ACTION.

NO ABERRATIONS

An aberration in photography is something that is left in the picture that doesn't belong in the picture.  It makes the photo feel cluttered with distractions that keep the viewer from enjoying the subject.
I most commonly see aberrations around the edges of the frame.  It can be easy for the photographer to pay close attention to the person they are photographing, and forget about a piece of trash in the background, an ugly telephone pole in the distance, etc.

CHOSE A CLEAR SUBJECT BY ZOOMING IN TIGHT

If you're having a difficult time getting a composition to make sense, the problem is most likely that you've chosen too many subjects at once.  Decide on what one subject will be the center of attention, and you'll have a much more interesting picture.
It's incredibly rare that I see a photo that is photographed TOO tight.  Zooming in on one part of the scene is almost always the right answer for new photographers.  It takes most of my students a year of learning photography before they finally dare to zoom in tight.  How long will it take you?
On the "before" photo on the left, you see what a photo looks like straight out of the camera. On the right, I show the same photo after applying one of my ONE CLICK Lightroom presets. You'll get some of my favorite portrait presets along with the Lightroom and photography video trainings.
ON THE “BEFORE” PHOTO ON THE LEFT, YOU SEE WHAT A PHOTO LOOKS LIKE STRAIGHT OUT OF THE CAMERA. ON THE RIGHT, I SHOW THE SAME PHOTO AFTER APPLYING ONE OF MY ONE CLICK LIGHTROOM PRESETS. YOU'LL GET SOME OF MY FAVORITE PORTRAIT PRESETS ALONG WITH THE LIGHTROOM AND PHOTOGRAPHY VIDEO TRAININGS.

DIGITAL STYLING

Often, I see photos submitted to me in a portfolio review (starting at only $39) that is beautiful, but just hasn't been styled yet.  Digital styling is applied in Photoshop and Lightroom and allows the photographer to creatively change the colors, contrast, and exposure.
While I personally am not much of a fan of the filters on Instagram, we have all seen a photo that looks much more trendy and creative when a filter is applied to it.
If you feel like you're ready to learn this part of photography, I highly recommend getting Lightroom and taking my Lightroom 101 class to help you get started with the software.
While doing a senior picture shoot last month (which was filmed for my "Photography Start" class), the model mentioned she had horses. OBVIOUSLY the shoot suddenly included the horses because they are an interesting subject. I wanted to take a photo showing how much the girl loves her horse, so I focused in on the fine detail of just part of the horse to capture this shot.
WHILE DOING A SENIOR PICTURE SHOOT LAST MONTH (WHICH WAS FILMED FOR MY “PHOTOGRAPHY START” CLASS), THE MODEL MENTIONED SHE HAD HORSES. OBVIOUSLY THE SHOOT SUDDENLY INCLUDED THE HORSES BECAUSE THEY ARE AN INTERESTING SUBJECT. I WANTED TO TAKE A PHOTO SHOWING HOW MUCH THE GIRL LOVES HER HORSE, SO I FOCUSED IN ON THE FINE DETAIL OF JUST PART OF THE HORSE TO CAPTURE THIS SHOT.

INTERESTING SUBJECT

Capturing an interesting subject is usually the simplest part of photography.  Even non-photographers know that some things are more interesting in a photo than others.
My advice here is actually the opposite of what you may think I'm going to say.  It's not that you should find something interesting to shoot (though you certainly should).
My advice is that you should be careful not to be TOO taken by the subject.  If you are too excited about the subject, it can be easy to forget about all the of the other things on this page.  Capture an interesting subject, but once you've found it, remove yourself a bit from the excitement and pay attention to everything else you need to do.

CRISP SHARPNESS

There are so many factors that impact the sharpness of a photo that it can be difficult to know what is causing a reduction in sharpness in your photos.  But I have found after coaching thousands and thousands of photographers that the problem is usually that the photographer did not get the focus quite right.
When taking a picture of a person, it's essential to put the focus point exactly on the eye of the person you are photographing.
If you want to learn to focus properly, I highly recommend reading my article with 10 tips on getting sharper photos.
Capturing the skyline from an unusually high angle provides a more interesting look than from down in the streets.
CAPTURING THE SKYLINE FROM AN UNUSUALLY HIGH ANGLE PROVIDES A MORE INTERESTING LOOK THAN FROM DOWN IN THE STREETS.

UNIQUE PERSPECTIVE

Sometimes I find an interesting subject, but just not an interesting place to photograph it from.  If you look at professional photos, they are very often taken from non-obvious spots.  For example, a photo of a CEO will be photographed from down low, looking up at the person to make him or her look more powerful.  Or, in the case of photographing a city, we often want to get to a very high perspective to shoot down and see the whole city.
Such was the case a few months ago while I was speaking at a conference in Chicago and photographed the skyline from the top of one of the tallest buildings so that I could see the whole city at once.

CREATIVE COMPOSITION

Composition is probably the most difficult thing on this list to teach in a short amount of time, but it makes a tremendous difference.
If you have an important upcoming shoot, I highly recommend that you start learning composition by at least learning the rule of thirds.  The rule of thirds is the most basic rule of composition that basically tells the photographer to imagine a tic-tac-toe board on the frame of the picture, and to put the most interesting part of the photo on the intersection of those lines.
Shouldn't be too hard to pick up on the "tough guy" mood I set for this photo of an athlete that I took while teaching a flash photography workshop earlier this year. But not every mood needs to be so ominous. The mood could be bright and clean just as easily.
SHOULDN'T BE TOO HARD TO PICK UP ON THE “TOUGH GUY” MOOD I SET FOR THIS PHOTO OF AN ATHLETE THAT I TOOK WHILE TEACHING A FLASH PHOTOGRAPHY WORKSHOP EARLIER THIS YEAR. BUT NOT EVERY MOOD NEEDS TO BE SO OMINOUS. THE MOOD COULD BE BRIGHT AND CLEAN JUST AS EASILY.

MOOD

Mood is an oft-overlooked aspect of photography, but I find that it's an excellent way to learn to make a photo more impactful.  As you take pictures, ask yourself “What mood will this photo convey?”
By asking yourself that question, you will avoid taking a photo of a person with a blank expression.  You'll recognize that the person's expression isn't conveying a mood and you'll change it.  This can also happen in a landscape.  Look at the photo below of the bird in front of the sunset and you'll see that the exposure which was too bright did not convey a serene mood.

PROPER DEPTH-OF-FIELD

Depth-of-field is a hallmark of professional photography–especially professional pictures of people.  Shallow depth-of-field means that the subject of the photo is sharp, and the background is blurry.  Learning this technique can instantly transform your photography to something much more professional looking.
To take a picture with shallow depth of field, follow ALL of the steps in this recipe:
  1. Put on your longest lens
  2. Set the camera to aperture priority
  3. Set the aperture as low as it will go
  4. Step as close to the subject as you can while still allowing the lens to focus
  5. Place the subject far away from anything in the background.
  6. Put the focus point on the subject
  7. Take the picture
WITH AUTO SETTINGS, THE CAMERA TOOK THE PICTURE ON THE LEFT. IT'S OKAY, BUT IT ISN'T INTERESTING. THE PHOTO ON THE RIGHT HAS A CREATIVELY DARK EXPOSURE THAT MAKES THE COLOR IN THE SCENE POP. THE PHOTO ON THE RIGHT CONVEYS A MUCH MORE IMPRESSIVE MOOD.

PROPER EXPOSURE

Exposure means the brightness or darkness of a photo.  It's probably the thing that beginning photographers put the most work into learning.
There are three ways to control the exposure of a photo: aperture, ISO, and shutter speed.  If you're not sure how they work together and how to set them, take some time to read my free photography basics series.
Digital cameras are very good at coming to a neutral exposure, but the truth is that the neutral exposure is not always the best exposure.  For example, suppose you are taking a picture of a person on a bright sunny day.  The camera will likely make the face of the person dark and the background too bright.  The “neutral” exposure is mid-way between exposing for the face and the background.
But as the photographer, you know that the face is far more important than the background, so you will brighten the exposure for the face and let the background go bright.  Go for the proper exposure, not the neutral one.
By shooting a panorama in this location, I was able to capture the gentle curve of the river, which made a huge difference in the photo. My guide, Andy Beales, pointed out this location to me and it was a winner!
BY SHOOTING A PANORAMA IN THIS LOCATION, I WAS ABLE TO CAPTURE THE GENTLE CURVE OF THE RIVER, WHICH MADE A HUGE DIFFERENCE IN THE PHOTO. MY GUIDE, ANDY BEALES, POINTED OUT THIS LOCATION TO ME AND IT WAS A WINNER!

VIEWING THE PHOTO LARGE

After you apply all of the other tips on this page, the way you present the photo will also make a major difference in how it is viewed by those who see it.  Don't you dare put a tremendous amount of work into a photo and then print it out at 8×10.  Show your photo large to have a bigger impact!
Have you ever walked through a photography gallery?  Notice how HUGE the photos are?  It's because almost any photo looks better and more captivating when it is viewed full screen or on a very large print.

LEARN PHOTOGRAPHY!

If you're ready to sink your teeth into photography and learn to master it, I highly recommend you read my free photography basics article series.  I poured hours into that tutorial to make it the very best way to learn photography, and tens of thousands of people read it every month.  I'm sure you'll love it.

CONCLUSION

If you can only do a few of these things in your photo, make it these: capture interesting lighting, use a creative composition, and remember to digitally style the photo afterward.
Before you run off, I want to share with you some of my very best Youtube videos.  These are all on-location videos where you can see how I'm using the color in sunsets, choosing my compositions, etc.  Enjoy, and don't forget to hit subscribe so you can see my future Youtube vids!
 
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